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- History
- Compare and Contrast the writings of Confucius, Hammurabi, and the book of the dead
-
- Three of the most famous writings from ancient civilizations are the writings of Confucius,
- Hammurabi's code of laws, and Egypt's Book of the Dead. At first, they seem very different, they're from
- different times, regions, and religions, but they all offer a peek into what values ancient people considered
- important.
-
- One of the values that all three civilizations is justice and fairness. I feel that this is best viewed
- in Hammurabi's laws. All of the penalties for the crimes are very stiff, but fair. I feel that it is fair that "If
- he has broken the limb of a patrician, his limb shall be broken" It's like in the Bible "An eye for an eye,
- and a tooth for a tooth." In Egypt, in the Book of the Dead, a man couldn't proceed into the after life
- unless he was found innocent of any wrong doing on Earth. In Confucius' writings, he never actually says
- the word "justice", but he does say "Great Man cherishes excellence; Petty Man, his own comfort. Great
- Man cherishes the rules and regulations; Petty Man special favors." To me, that mean "Great Man is fair,
- Petty man is unfair."
-
- The second of these three values is responsibility and respect to one's family and elders, and
- responsibility and respect to others families and elders. This is most evident in Confucius' writings. He is
- constantly stressing family values and responsibility. One quote that shows this is "Let the sole sorry of
- your parents be that you might become ill."
- This stresses personal responsibility and respect to your parents. Hammurabi showed responsibility by
- saying "If a builder has built a house for a man, and has not made his work sound, and the house he built
- has fallen, and caused the death of the man's son, the builder's son shall be put to death." That quote
- shows a man's responsibility for himself and his family. In Egypt, during the ritual of the dead, it is said
- that the dead man, in order to pass into the afterlife, must profess that he has not done anything to hurt
- anyone. This shows responsibility because if the man did not tell the truth, he was responsible for not
- entering the afterlife. Knowing that they would be responsible for their actions, the Egyptians tried not to
- hurt people in their mortal lives.
-
- The final value that all three cultures had in common was being truthful. All three cultures
- relied heavily on the truth. In Hammurabi's laws, it says "If a man has borne false witness in a trial, or
- has not established the statement that he has made, if that case be a capital trial, that man shall be put to
- death." In other words "If you lie, you die." When Confucius examined himself every day, he asked the
- question "have I been false with my friends?" In Egypt, it was important that a man be truthful when
- brought before Osiris, because if they didn't tell the truth, they would be banished from the afterlife. One
- of the lines of the Book of the Dead reads "I have not committed sin in the place of truth," which I read as
- "I have not lied."
-
- Each one of these three civilizations used different methods to enforce them. In Sumer,
- Hammurabi's strict punishments kept people from disobeying them. On the other hand, Egypt didn't use
- any kind of physical punishment, but they used threats. The people thought that if they went against the
- values, Osiris, god of the afterlife, would punish them after their died. In China, the values weren't
- enforced, but they were protected by the government. In the second century B.C., Confucianism became
- the official philosophy of China, thus preserving it for the future.
-
- I am greatly impressed by Hammurabi's ideas. His laws may sound harsh, but they had to be. In
- ancient Sumer, you had to be harsh or people wouldn't even listen. I don't agree, however, with his double
- standards. I feel that a life is worth just as much whether it's a patrician or a plebeian. I think that
- Confucius' ideas are the ones that come the closest to my own beliefs. I like the fact that Confucius' ideas
- are still just as relevant today as they were in ancient China.
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